Effect of cadmium on the viability on monolayer cultures of synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and Hoffa: A preliminary study.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the gradual loss of articular cartilage and involves several tissues, such as the synovial membrane, meniscus, ligaments, and adipose tissue known as Hoffa fat pad. There are largely unexplored factors that lead to OA development, such as the impact of exposure to heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) on the viability of cells in the knee joint tissue. The objective of this report was to identify the cell type with the highest susceptibility to Cd toxicity with respect to cell viability and death. Our findings showed that a concentration as low as 3 µM cadmium chloride for 12 h affects the viability of synovial cells, and a concentration of 10 µM affects Hoffa cells. Our results suggest that Cd can affect the viability of synovial and chondral cells primarily. In contrast, Hoffa cells were less susceptible, likely because Cd favors the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines before triggering their death as part of its damage mechanism at the articular level.

Effect of cadmium on the concentration of essential metals in a human chondrocyte micromass culture.

BACKGROUND: An essential element imbalance in the joint might favor gradual degeneration of the articular cartilage. It has been reported that cadmium (Cd) plays an antagonistic role with regards to the presence of essential elements, such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), which may favor the development of disabling diseases, like osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis. METHODS: 3D cultures of human chondrocytes were phenotyped with the Western blot technique and structurally evaluated with histological staining. The samples were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 µM of CdCl2 for 12 h, with a non-exposed culture as control. The concentration of Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn, chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) was quantified through plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data were analyzed with a Kruskal Wallis test, a Kendall's Tau test and Spearman's correlation coefficient with the Stata program, version 14. RESULTS: Our results suggest that Cd exposure affects the structure of micromass cultures and plays an antagonistic role on the concentration of essential metals, such as Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Cr. CONCLUSION: Cd exposure may be a risk factor for developing joint diseases like OA, as it can interfere with cartilage absorption of other essential elements that maintain cartilage homeostasis.